Localisation of PfMRP in P. falciparum schizonts from strain A4. (A) Confocal image of schizont-infected erythrocytes stained using the anti-PfMRP antibody and FITC-labelled secondary antibody. (B) Transmitted light image of the same field. (C) Confocal image of the DAPI-stained schizont nuclei in the same field. Images were captured using a Leica TCS 4D confocal microscope. Arrows in (B) indicate: 1, uninfected human erythrocyte; 2, parasite food vacuole; 3, unstained plasma membrane of an infected human erythrocyte; and 4, stained, disrupted membrane of a presumably formerly infected erythrocyte. Schizonts show a very distinctive pattern of fluorescence staining with anti-PfMRP with the majority of reactivity surrounding what seems to be the plasma membrane of the parasite.Klokouzas A, Tiffert T, van Schalkwyk D, Wu CP, van Veen HW, Barrand MA, Hladky SB. Plasmodium falciparum expresses a multidrug resistance-associated protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 321:197-201. Copyright Elsevier 2009.

Localization of PfMRP2 and PfMDR5 within the asexual stages of P. falciparum. In column 1 blue (DAPI) shows the nuclear staining. In column 2 red shows PfMRP2 staining. In column 3 green shows glycophorin-A (A and B) or PfERC (C and D) staining. Column 4 shows the merge of column 1–3. Finally, column 5 shows the differential interference contrast image. Represented in rows: A, multiple infected erythrocyte: rings; B, double infected erythrocyte: trophozoites; C, three trophs (T) and two rings (R); D, early schizont. Arrow indicates food vacuole. Both transporters are localized to the plasma membrane in all asexual stages of the parasite.Kavishe RA, van den Heuvel JJ, van de Vegte-Bolmer M, Luty AJ, Russel FG, Koenderink JB. Localization of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport proteins PfMRP1, PfMRP2, and PfMDR5 at the Plasmodium falciparum plasma membrane. Malar J. 2009 8:205.

Immunofluorescence images of PfMRP2 localization labelled with Alexa488 during the development from ring to trophozoite and schizont stages in the wild-type clone 11C parasite. Nucleus was stained with DAPI (4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole). The bottom panel shows dual labelling of the parasite at early schizont stage with anti-PfMRP2 (Alexa488) antibody and digestive vacuole-specific PfCRT antibody (Alexa594). In all asexual blood stages of 11C/wt, the PfMRP2 IFAsignal exhibited a punctate pattern suggesting its association with membranous vesicles within the parasite cytoplasm. In the ring stage, PfMRP2-associated compartments concentrated to the periphery of the parasite, while in trophozoite and schizont stages these were more dispersed throughout the cytoplasm. The signal also appeared discrete and punctuated around individual merozoites in the mature schizonts just prior to rupture.Mok S, Liong KY, Lim EH, Huang X, Zhu L, Preiser PR, Bozdech Z. Structural polymorphism in the promoter of pfmrp2 confers Plasmodium falciparum tolerance to quinoline drugs. Mol Microbiol. 2014 91(5):918-34.