Intracellular localisation of PfTKL2 by immunofluorescence assay of wild type 3D7 parasites. (a) Co-localisation of PfTKL2 and the parasitophorous vacuole protein Exp1. (b) Co-localisation of PfTKL2 and the red blood cell cytoskeleton protein spectrin. DAPI was used to stain the parasite DNA. Scale bar is 2 μm. Co-localisation experiment using a parasitophorous vacuole marker (Exp1) clearly shows that a fraction of the PfTKL2 protein is exported into the RBC cytoplasm (a). Further, the co-localisation of PfTKL2 with RBC spectrin shows that PfTKL2 is present in the RBC cytosol.Abdi AI, Carvalho TG, Wilkes JM, Doerig C. A secreted Plasmodium falciparum kinase reveals a signature motif for classification of tyrosine kinase-like kinases. Microbiology. 2013 159(Pt 12):2533-47

Ultrathin sections of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (at late trophozoite/schizont stages) were labeled with specific sera (against the four selected proteins) and gold-conjugated secondary antibody. Localization is depicted as black dots (of gold particles) for PfSEL1 (PFB0190c) - (a, i and ii), PfSEL2 = Hrd3 (b), PfEK (c), and PfEP (d). Enlarged panels and arrows show detailed images of the intracellular staining pattern. Scale bar, 250 nm. PfSEL1 showed a secreted/ extra-cellular staining pattern, localizing in the iRBC cytosol close to the erythrocyte plasma membrane. The gold particle staining showed the protein coating the surface of the iRBC and also being released out in the extra-cellular milieu. PfSEL2 (seen as dots coating vesicle-like structures) and PfEK also showed localization close to iRBC plasma membrane while being exported out of the infected red cells (b and c). PfEP localized in the extensive membranous network of the parasite from where it seemed to be trafficked to the iRBC cytosol and plasma membrane (d). Singh M, Mukherjee P, Narayanasamy K, Arora R, Sen SD, Gupta S, Natarajan K, Malhotra P. Proteome analysis of Plasmodium falciparum extracellular secretory antigens at asexual blood stages reveals a cohort of proteins with possible roles in immune modulation and signaling. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009 8(9):2102-18.

Indirect immunofluorescence assay and confocal microscopy to localize the selected excretory-secretory antigens by coimmunostaining of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Air-dried infected erythrocytes were incubated with mouse antibodies specific to the selected proteins at 1:100 dilution (column 4; red). Rabbit aPfMIF antibody was used as a co-localization marker (column 3; green). The parasite nuclei were stained with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (column 2; blue). Columns 1, 5, and 6 show a differential interference contrast (DIC) image, merged image, and differential interference contrast with merged image, respectively. Images showed punctate vesicle-like staining of the infected RBCs with antibodies to PfSEL1 (PFB0190c), PfSEL2 (Hrd3), PfEKand PfEP. PfEK also showing specific rimlike staining of the plasma membrane of the infected RBC. PfMIF is exported via the Maurer clefts to the extracellular medium after schizont rupture. A partial co-localization of PfMIF was seen with each of the four proteins, suggesting a distinct pathway for the release of these ESAs.Singh M, Mukherjee P, Narayanasamy K, Arora R, Sen SD, Gupta S, Natarajan K, Malhotra P. Proteome analysis of Plasmodium falciparum extracellular secretory antigens at asexual blood stages reveals a cohort of proteins with possible roles in immune modulation and signaling. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2009 8(9):2102-18.

Intracellular localisation of PfTKL2 by immunofluorescence assay of wild type 3D7 parasites. (a) Co-localisation of PfTKL2 and the parasitophorous vacuole protein Exp1. (b) Co-localisation of PfTKL2 and the red blood cell cytoskeleton protein spectrin. DAPI was used to stain the parasite DNA. Scale bar is 2 μm. Co-localisation experiment using a parasitophorous vacuole marker (Exp1) clearly shows that a fraction of the PfTKL2 protein is exported into the RBC cytoplasm (a). Further, the co-localisation of PfTKL2 with RBC spectrin shows that PfTKL2 is present in the RBC cytosol.Abdi AI, Carvalho TG, Wilkes JM, Doerig C. A secreted Plasmodium falciparum kinase reveals a signature motif for classification of tyrosine kinase-like kinases. Microbiology. 2013 159(Pt 12):2533-47