Expression and localization of tRNAThr synthetase (Pf-Ed-TRS). A. Displays cellular localizations. Data clearly show in the parasite apicoplast as well as in the cytoplasm. B. Upper and lower panels show confocal IFA with pre-immune sera and with anti-histidine antibodies, whereas the middle panels depict cytoplasmic staining of Pf-DTD. The parasite line used was GFP-tagged (strain D10 ACPleader-GFP) where apicoplast fluoresces green. DAPI staining is in blue while aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are stained with Alexa594 (red).Khan S, Sharma A, Jamwal A, Sharma V, Pole AK, Thakur KK, Sharma A. Uneven spread of cis- and trans-editing aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase domains within translational compartments of P. falciparum. Sci Rep. 2011;1:188.

Targeting of P. falciparum aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and of DTD. The parasite line used was GFP-tagged (strain D10 ACPleader-GFP) where apicoplast fluorescence is in green. DAPI staining is in blue while aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are stained with Alexa594 (red). only the late ring and early trophozoite-stage localizations are depicted here but patterns were identical in other intra-erythrocytic stages. All tRNA synthases were cytoplasmic except PFL1210w Ile which is seen located in the apicoplast and deacylase which is mitochondrial.Khan S, Sharma A, Jamwal A, Sharma V, Pole AK, Thakur KK, Sharma A. Uneven spread of cis- and trans-editing aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase domains within translational compartments of P. falciparum. Sci Rep. 2011;1:188.

The N-terminus of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf)ThrRS, PfGlyRS and PfAlaRS directs apicoplast targeting. (A) PfThrRS1–60-GFP, PfAlaRS1–70-GFP and PfGlyRS1–68-GFP transfected parasites were labelled with anti-GFP and anti-acyl carrier protein antibodies and DAPI. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase–GFP fusions overlap with the apicoplast marker ACP, demonstrating that the N-terminus of these gene products is sufficient for apicoplast targeting. Bright field panels show the parasite (P) residing in its host erythrocyte (E). (B) Live cell microscopy shows that the N-terminal fragments of the nuclear encoded organellar tRNAs (aaRS) do not direct trafficking to mitochondria. Live parasites were stained using Mitotracker to highlight the mitochondria and this was compared with the GFP signal for each of the aaRS–GFP parasites. In all cases the mitochondria labelled a distinct and separate organelle from the GFP, indicating that these N-terminal leaders do not direct mitochondrial trafficking.Jackson KE, Pham JS, Kwek M, De Silva NS, Allen SM, Goodman CD, McFadden GI, Ribas de Pouplana L, Ralph SA. Dual targeting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the apicoplast and cytosol in Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol. 2012 42:177-86. PMID:

Epitope-tagging of Plasmodium falciparum tRNAThr, tRNAGly and tRNAAla. The single, chromosomal copies of PfThrRS, PfGlyRS and PfAlaRS were tagged with a triple hemagglutinin through transfection and 3’ replacement. Immunfluorescence assays show that the majority of each of these epitope tagged proteins is localized to the parasite cytosol. An early trophozoite and a schizont stage parasite are shown for each parasite line. Parasites were labelled with anti-HA and anti-acyl carrier protein antibodies and DAPI. Bright field panels show the parasite (P) residing in its host erythrocyte (E). Some epitope tagged protein colocalises with the apicoplast marker ACP, but the dominant signal from the cytosolic HA-tagged protein in these parasites makes it unclear whether this is specific colocalisation or signal from adjacent protein. The very small size of the apicoplast (~200 nm diameter) makes this question difficult to resolve by light microscopy under these conditions. Jackson KE, Pham JS, Kwek M, De Silva NS, Allen SM, Goodman CD, McFadden GI, Ribas de Pouplana L, Ralph SA. Dual targeting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the apicoplast and cytosol in Plasmodium falciparum. Int J Parasitol. 2012 42:177-86.