GFP targeting by P. falciparum thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin-like protein 1. (A) Cytosolic localization of Trx1. (B) Cytosolic localization of Tlp1. Live cell imaging of erythrocytes infected with transgenic parasites for solely cytosolic GFP signals.Kehr S, Sturm N, Rahlfs S, Przyborski JM, Becker K. Compartmentation of redox metabolism in malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog. 2010 6:e1001242.

The expression of PfTPx-1 (A), Pf1-Cys-Prx (B), and PfTrx-1 (C) proteins in P. falciparum cells during the erythrocytic stage. Parasite cells in panels (A–C) are stained with antiserum specific for each antioxidant protein (Alexa Fluor 568, red) and TO-PRO-3 iodide (blue; nucleolus staining). Letters with arrows are ring stage (R), schizont (S), and late trophozoite (T). Immunofluorescence microscopy of P. falciparum erythrocytic-stage parasites revealed that PfTPx-1 was expressed in the parasite cytoplasm during the ring, trophozoite and schizont stages. PfTPx-1 thus showed constitutive expression through the erythrocytic stage A). In contrast, significant staining of Pf1-Cys-Prx was detected in the trophozoites in the cytoplasm of the parasite. Expression of Pf1-Cys-Prx in late schizonts was weak in comparison to that of PfTPx-1 in parasites of the same stage, and it was not detected in the ring stage. Pf1-Cys-Prx thus showed limited expression during the trophozoite and early schizont stages (B). Significant expression of PfTrx-1 was observed after the trophozoite stage, but expression was weak during the ring stage (C).Yano K, Komaki-Yasuda K, Kobayashi T, Takemae H, Kita K, Kano S, Kawazu S. Expression of mRNAs and proteins for peroxiredoxins in Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic stage. Parasitol Int. 2005 Mar;54(1):35-41.