Localization of PfRRS (arginyl-tRNA synthetase ) within the Parasite. A) Confocal microscopy of Plasmodium falciparum RRS localization in asexual parasite stages (rings, trophozoites, and schizonts) using PfRRS anti-sera. PfPRS (prolyl-tRNA synthetase) was used as a marker for parasite cytosol. Parasite nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue), while PfRRS and PfPRS were stained with Alexa Fluor 594 (red) and Alexa Fluor 488 (green), respectively. Scale bar in white corresponds to 5 mm. Pre-immune serum was used as negative control in these experiments. PfRRS was present in all three stages of the asexual parasite life cycle: rings, trophozoites, and schizonts. In these experiments, the parasites were co-stained with DAPI and with Plasmodium falciparum prolyl-tRNA synthetase (PfPRScyto) as a marker for the parasite cytoplasm. Colocalization of PfRRS and PfPRScyto was observed Jain V, Yogavel M, Sharma A. Dimerization of Arginyl-tRNA Synthetase by FreeHeme Drives Its Inactivation in Plasmodium falciparum. Structure. 2016 Aug 5.pii: S0969-2126(16)30164-2. PMID: 27502052.