Localization of RhopH1 vs. RhopH2 in trophozoites. Immunofluorescence studies on SLO-permeabilized trophozoites using rabbit RhopH1 and mouse RhopH2-specific serum. The differential interference contrast (DIC) images, the Hoechst nuclei staining and the merge are presented. Four acquisitions at different z-value (as indicated) are presented in each panel. RhopH2 and RhopH1 co-localized of in the red cell cytoplasm and in infected red cell ghosts.Vincensini L, Fall G, Berry L, Blisnick T, Braun Breton C. The RhopH complex is transferred to the host cell cytoplasm following red blood cell invasion by Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2008 160:81-9. Copyright Elsevier 2009.

Trafficking of apical proteins is not affected by RAP1 knockdown IFA of schizont stage parasites showing that trafficking of rhoptry (RAMA, RHOPH3, RON6) and micronemal (AMA1) proteins is not affected when RAP1 or RAP2 expression is depleted from parasites with anhydrotetracycline )Atc(. No apparent difference in the electron density or morphology of the rhoptries was observed (Left panel), suggesting that RAP2 is not essential for rhoptry formation in Plasmodium spp. Moreover, knockdown of either RAP1 or RAP2 expression did not affect parasite maturation and replication, as there was no significant difference observed in merozoite number or schizont formation compared to parasites grown in the absence of ATc (right panel).Ghosh S, Kennedy K, Sanders P, Matthews K, Ralph SA, Counihan NA, de Koning-Ward TF. The Plasmodium rhoptry associated protein complex is important for parasitophorous vacuole membrane structure and intraerythrocytic parasite growth. Cell Microbiol. 2017.