Localization studies of UBA (E1) and UBC (E2). (A,B) IFA experiments, using different parasite stages, show that PfUBA1 and PfUBC localize mainly to the cytosol. (C) When co-immunostained with plasmepsin V (PMV), a Plasmodium ER membrane protein marker, there was noticeable overlap between the two proteins, suggesting UBA1 recruitment to the ER as well. Both UBC and UBA1 are mainly dispersed throughout the cytoplasm with small aggregations scattered throughout the parasite. UBA1 was co-immuno-stained with PMV, an ER membrane marker, showing noticeable overlap between the two proteins.Chung DW, Ponts N, Prudhomme J, Rodrigues EM, Le Roch KG. Characterization of the Ubiquitylating Components of the Human Malaria Parasite's Protein Degradation Pathway. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43477.